Xanthine Derivatives
Xanthine derivatives are a class of compounds chemically related to naturally occurring xanthines such as caffeine, theobromine, and other methylxanthines. These substances are plant-based alkaloids commonly present in everyday foods and beverages, including coffee, tea, and cocoa.
Pharmacologically, xanthine derivatives exert their effects primarily by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzymes, which leads to elevated intracellular cyclic AMP levels. They also function as adenosine receptor antagonists and, in some cases, demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity by modulating cellular signaling pathways and gene expression. These mechanisms collectively facilitate smooth muscle relaxation, especially in the respiratory tract.
Consequently, xanthine derivatives are widely used for the management of bronchospasm and respiratory disorders, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Among these, theophylline remains one of the most frequently prescribed therapeutic agents.
Caffeine Anhydrous
Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant belonging to the methylxanthine class and is chemically a purine derivative, similar in structure to adenine and guanine. It is found in a variety of plants, particularly in coffee beans, and can also be produced synthetically from compounds like dimethylurea and cyanoacetic acid. Caffeine is best known for its ability to enhance alertness and concentration, and it is also studied for potential benefits in managing headaches, migraines, and improving physical performance.
| Chemical Name | 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine (also called 7-methyltheophylline) |
| Chemical Formula | C8H10N4O2 |
| CAS Number | 58-08-2 |
| Pharmacopoeia | IP / BP / USP / Ph.Eur |
| Molecular Weight | 194.2 g/mol (anhydrous) |
| Purity | ≥99.9% |
| Description | White crystalline powder or needle-shaped crystals; odorless, sublimes readily |
| Transmittance | ≥60% |
| Absorbance | ≤0.15% |
| Foreign Particles | ≤50 ppm |
| Typical Impurities | Theophylline, isocaffeine, theobromine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine |
| End Use | Used in pharmaceuticals, beverages, and nutraceuticals to temporarily increase alertness and improve mood |
| Treatment / Application | Pharmaceuticals, Nutraceuticals, Beverages |
Theobromine
Theobromine, sometimes called Xantheose, is a natural alkaloid predominantly found in the cacao plant (Theobroma cacao). It usually appears as a white or nearly colorless crystalline substance, though commercial samples can sometimes show a slight yellow hue. It has a mildly bitter flavor and low water solubility (approximately 330 mg/L). This compound is used in industry as an ingredient in certain cosmetic formulations and as a chemical precursor. In addition to chocolate, theobromine can also be found in foods such as tea leaves and kola nuts. With the CAS number 83-67-0, theobromine exhibits several physiological effects, including dilating blood vessels (vasodilation), promoting urination, and providing mild stimulation to the heart.
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name | 3,7-Dimethylxanthine |
| Chemical Formula | C7H8N4O2 |
| CAS Number | 83-67-0 |
| Pharmacopoeia | Ph.Eur |
| Molecular Weight | 180.17 g/mol |
| Description | White to off-white crystalline powder |
| Assay (dried) | ≥99.0% and ≤101.0% |
| Packaging | 25 kg drums or customized packaging per customer requirements |
| End Use | Pharmaceutical applications |
| Treatment / Application | Acts as a vasodilator, mild diuretic, and heart stimulant |
Theophylline
Theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) is a xanthine-based compound commonly used as a bronchodilator and phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It helps open the airways by relaxing the smooth muscles in the lungs, making it effective for managing respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Often, theophylline is combined with other treatments to control symptoms associated with bronchitis, emphysema, and similar lung disorders. Structurally, it is closely related to both caffeine and theobromine, sharing similar pharmacological properties.
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name | 1,3-Dimethylxanthine |
| Chemical Formula | C7H8N4O2 |
| CAS Number | 58-55-9 |
| Pharmacopoeia | IP / BP / USP / Ph.Eur |
| Molecular Weight | 180.17 g/mol |
| Purity | ≥99.5% |
| Description | White crystalline powder |
| Absorbance | ≤0.53% |
| Typical Impurities | Theophylline-related compounds B, C, D; Caffeine |
| Packaging | 25 kg fiber drums, 500 kg jumbo bags, or customized packaging per customer requirements |
| End Use | Pharmaceutical applications |
| Treatment / Application | Respiratory diseases including COPD, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other pulmonary conditions |
Pentoxifylline
Pentoxifylline, also called Oxpentifylline, is a xanthine-based compound that improves blood circulation. It is commonly used to treat muscle discomfort and pain associated with peripheral artery disease. By enhancing blood flow, pentoxifylline helps reduce leg pain caused by limited oxygen supply to tissues, allowing patients to walk longer distances before cramps or fatigue occur.
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name | 3,7-Dimethyl-1-(5-oxohexyl)purine-2,6-dione |
| Chemical Formula | C13H18N4O3 |
| CAS Number | 6493-05-6 |
| Pharmacopoeia | IP / BP / Ph.Eur |
| Molecular Weight | 278.31 g/mol |
| Purity | ≥99.5% |
| Description | White to off-white crystalline powder |
| Typical Impurities | Theobromine, Theophylline, Caffeine, and related xanthine derivatives |
| Packaging | 25 kg fiber drums, 500 kg jumbo bags, or custom packaging per customer requirements |
| End Use | Pharmaceutical applications |
| Treatment / Application | Used to improve blood flow in peripheral artery disease and reduce associated muscle pain or cramps |
Aminophylline
Aminophylline is a compound formed as a 2:1 complex of the bronchodilator theophylline and ethylenediamine. The addition of ethylenediamine increases the water solubility of theophylline, and aminophylline commonly exists as a dihydrate. Compared to pure theophylline, aminophylline is less potent and has a shorter half-life. It is mainly used to treat airway obstruction in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Its mechanism involves both nonselective adenosine receptor antagonism and phosphodiesterase inhibition, which help relax the airways. Aminophylline is typically administered in hospital or clinical settings, often alongside other therapies, to manage acute symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and related respiratory disorders. It is classified as a bronchodilator.
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name | 1,3-Dimethylxanthine; ethane-1,2-diamine |
| Chemical Formula | C16H24N10O4 |
| CAS Number | 317-34-0 |
| Pharmacopoeia | IP / BP / USP |
| Molecular Weight | 420.43 g/mol |
| Purity | ≥98.0% |
| Description | White to slightly yellowish granules or powder |
| Typical Impurities | Theophylline |
| Packaging | 25 kg fiber drums, 500 kg jumbo bags, or custom packaging per customer requirements |
| End Use | Pharmaceutical applications |
| Treatment / Application | Management of respiratory diseases including asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other pulmonary conditions |
Doxofylline
Doxofylline, sometimes spelled doxophylline, is a xanthine-based bronchodilator that inhibits phosphodiesterase and is commonly prescribed for chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Unlike many other xanthine compounds, doxofylline shows little to no activity at adenosine receptors and does not produce typical stimulant effects. Its therapeutic benefits in asthma are therefore believed to result primarily from its phosphodiesterase-inhibiting action rather than adenosine receptor antagonism.
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name | 7-(1,3-Dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-1,3-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione |
| Chemical Formula | C11H14N4O4 |
| CAS Number | 69975-86-6 |
| Pharmacopoeia | IP / BP / Ph.Eur |
| Molecular Weight | 266.26 g/mol |
| End Use | Pharmaceutical applications |
| Treatment / Application | Bronchodilator; relaxes airway muscles and widens airways to ease breathing |
Etophylline
Etophylline is a bronchodilator medication used to help prevent and manage symptoms associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It works by relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways, allowing them to widen and making breathing easier. While chemically related to theophylline, etophylline is often administered alongside other treatments, such as salbutamol, to enhance its therapeutic effect.
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name | 7-(2-Hydroxyethyl)theophylline |
| Chemical Formula | C9H14N4O3 |
| CAS Number | 519-37-9 |
| Pharmacopoeia | IP / BP |
| Molecular Weight | 226.23 g/mol |
| End Use | Bronchodilator applications |
| Treatment / Application | Management of asthma, COPD, and other respiratory conditions |